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Argan oil

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Argan, practices and know-how concerning the argan tree
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Argan paste making in Morocco.jpg
Argan paste making
Country Morocco
Reference 955
Inscription history
Inscription 2014 (14nd session)
List Representative
Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg
Argan oil
Argan Oil.jpeg
Containers of argan oil
Type Plant oil
Place of origin Morocco and Algeria
Main ingredients Fruit of the argan tree
Media: Argan oil
Argan oil is a plant oil produced from the kernels of the argan tree (Argania spinosa L.), which is indigenous to Morocco and southwestern Algeria.[1][2] In Morocco, argan oil is used to dip bread in at breakfast or to drizzle on couscous or pasta. It is also used for cosmetic purposes.[3][4]

Properties
99% of argan oil consists of triglycerides and related derivatives. These are derived from the following fatty acids:

Fatty acid Percentage
Oleic 42.8%
Linoleic 36.8%
Palmitic 12.0%
Stearic 6.0%
Linolenic <0.5% Argan oil has a relative density at 20 °C (68 °F) ranging from 0.906 to 0.919.[4]Argan oil also contains traces of tocopherols (vitamin E), phenols, carotenes, squalene.[5] Some trace phenols in argan oil include caffeic acid, oleuropein, vanillic acid, tyrosol, catechol, resorcinol, (−)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin.[6]Depending on the extraction method, argan oil may be more resistant to oxidation than olive oil.[7]Uses Culinary In Morocco, the oil is used for culinary purposes e.g, dipping bread, salad dressings or on couscous.[8] Amlu, a thick brown paste with a consistency similar to peanut butter, is used locally as a bread dip. It is produced by grinding roasted almonds and argan oil together using stones, and then mixing the paste with honey.[9]Cosmetics Since the early 2000s argan oil has been increasingly used in cosmetics and hair care preparations.[10] As of 2020, the main cosmetics products containing argan oil are face creams, lip glosses, shampoos, moisturizers, and soaps.[8]ExtractionThe production of argan oil by traditional methods The argan nut contains one to three oil-rich argan kernels. Extraction yields from 30% to 50% of the oil in the kernels, depending on the method.[11] It takes about 40 kilograms (88 lb) of dried argan fruit to produce only one litre of oil.[8]Extraction is key to the production process. To extract the kernels, workers first dry argan fruit in the open air and then remove the fleshy pulp.[12] Some producers remove the flesh mechanically without drying the fruit. Moroccans usually use the flesh as animal feed. A tradition in some areas of Morocco allows goats to climb argan trees to feed freely on the fruits. The kernels are then later retrieved from the goat droppings, considerably reducing the labour involved in extraction at the expense of some potential gustatory aversion.[13] In modern practice, the peels are removed by hand.[14]Workers gently roast kernels they will use to make culinary argan oil. After the argan kernels cool, workers grind and press them. The brown-coloured mash expels pure, unfiltered argan oil. Finally, they decant unfiltered argan oil into vessels. The remaining press cake is protein-rich and frequently used as cattle feed.[11]ProductionPlantation of argans After the first sales in the US of the cosmetic product in 2003, demand soared and production increased. In 2012 the Moroccan government planned for increased production, then around 2,500 tonnes, to 4,000 tonnes by 2020.[10]It was found that stocks of argan oil were being diluted with oils such as sunflower, as the extraction process for pure argan oil can be difficult, and is costly. In 2012, the Moroccan government started to randomly pull argan shipments and test for purity before exporting.[10]By 2020, production had greatly increased, especially after studies had suggested health benefits. Almost all of the oil is sourced in Morocco, and is forecast to reach 19,623 US tons (17,802 tonnes) in 2022, up from 4,836 (4387 tonnes) in 2014; in value terms, US$1.79 billion (£1.4 billion stg).[8]The area of producing the oil is expanding: in 2020 it had started near the city of Agadir, 175 kilometres (109 mi) south of the traditional argan-producing area of Essaouira, and is due to expand north.[8]40 kilograms (88 lb) of dried argan fruit produces only one litre of oil. Mechanically extracted oil production has started, with the industrial scale driving down prices, impacting the small co-operatives, where work is mostly done by Berber women in the traditional, labour-intensive way. Mechanically produced oil can cost as little as US$22 a litre, less than half the cost of oil made by the cooperatives. This can have a great social impact. However, the huge cosmetics company L'Oréal has pledged to source all of its argan oil from the small co-operatives that sign up to the principles of fair trade.[8]Effects Environmental The argan tree provides food, shelter and protection from desertification. The trees' deep roots help prevent desert encroachment. The canopy of argan trees also provides shade for other agricultural products, and the leaves and fruit provide feed for animals.[4]The argan tree also helps landscape stability, helping to prevent soil erosion, providing shade for pasture grasses, and helping to replenish aquifers.[15]Producing argan oil has helped to protect argan trees from being cut down. In addition, regeneration of the Arganeraie has also been carried out: in 2009 an operation to plant 4,300 argan plants was launched in Meskala in the province of Essaouira.[16]The Réseau des Associations de la Réserve de Biosphère Arganeraie (Network of Associations of the Argan Biosphere Reserve, RARBA) was founded in 2002 with the aim of ensuring sustainable development in the Arganeraie.[17]RARBA has been involved with several major projects, including the Moroccan national antidesertification programme (Programme National de Lutte contre la desertification, PAN/LCD). The project involved local populations and helped with improvements to basic infrastructure, management of natural resources, revenue-generating activities (including argan oil production), capacity reinforcement, and others.[18]Social The production of argan oil has always had a socioeconomic function. At present, its production supports about 2.2 million people in the main argan oil–producing region, the Arganeraie.[10]Much of the argan oil produced today is made by a number of women's co-operatives. Co-sponsored by the Social Development Agency with the support of the European Union, the UCFA (Union des Cooperatives des Femmes de l’Arganeraie) is the largest union of argan oil co-operatives in Morocco. It comprises 22 co-operatives that are found in other parts of the region.[19]As of 2020, there were around 300 small firms, mostly co-operatives, in the area about 25 kilometres (16 mi) inland from Essaouira, on the Atlantic coast. The women who harvest the seeds are mostly of the Berber ethnic group, with traditional skills dating from generations ago.[8]Employment in the co-operatives provides women with an income, which many have used to fund education for themselves or their children. It has also provided them with a degree of autonomy in a traditionally male-dominated society and has helped many become more aware of their rights.[20]The success of the argan co-operatives has also encouraged other producers of agricultural products to adopt the co-operative model.[21] The establishment of the co-operatives has been aided by support from within Morocco, notably the Foundation Mohamed VI pour la Recherche et la Sauvegarde de l’Arganier (Mohammed VI Foundation for Research and Protection of the Argan Tree),[22] and from international organisations, including Canada's International Development Research Centre[23] and the European Commission.[20]However, despite many working a very long day, the women usually make less than US$221 (£170 stg) a month (and even as low as US$50), which is below Morocco's recommended national minimum wage. Zoubida Charrouf, a chemistry professor at Mohammed V University of Rabat is an advocate for higher salaries, as well as the author of studies into its health benefits. She says that some companies pay drivers to bring tourists to their facilities, to sell them the oil, rather than pay their workers properly. Morocco's minister of agriculture has asked for Charrouf's help in forcing firms to join trade bodies and commit to paying staff the minimum wage.[8]References Kouidri, M.; Saadi, A. K.; Noui, A. (2014). "Physicochemical Study and Composition of Argania spinosa Oil from Two Regions of Algeria". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 50 (2): 346–348. doi:10.1007/s10600-014-0949-1. S2CID 36309638. "Characterization of the argan tree of southwestern Algeria" (PDF). Khallouki, F; Younos, C; Soulimani, R; Oster, T; Charrouf, Z; Spiegelhalder, B; Bartsch, H; Owen, RW (2003). "Consumption of argan oil (Morocco) with its unique profile of fatty acids, tocopherols, squalene, sterols and phenolic compounds should confer valuable cancer chemopreventive effects". European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 12 (1): 67–75. doi:10.1097/00008469-200302000-00011. PMID 12548113. S2CID 12350686. Charrouf, Zoubida; Guillaume, Dominique (2008). "Argan Oil: Occurrence, Composition and Impact on Human Health". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 110 (7): 632. doi:10.1002/ejlt.200700220. Monfalouti, HE; Guillaume, D; Denhez, C; Charrouf, Z (Dec 2010). "Therapeutic potential of argan oil: a review". J Pharm Pharmacol. 62 (12): 1669–75. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01190.x. PMID 21054392. S2CID 43157995. Zoubida Charrouf, Dominique Guillaume (July 31, 2008). "Argan oil: Occurrence, Composition and impact on human health". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 110 (7): 632–636. doi:10.1002/ejlt.200700220 – via Wiley Online Library. Chimi, H; Cillard, J; Cillard, P (1994). "Autoxydation de l'huile d'argan Argania spinosa L. du Maroc" [Autoxidation of argan oil Argania spinoza L. from Morocco]. Sciences des Aliments (in French). 14 (1): 117–24. ISSN 0240-8813. Rosengren, Izabella (6 February 2020). "The women who make argan oil want better pay". BBC News. Retrieved 7 February 2020. Michelle Minnaar. "Amlou". L. Siegle (February 12, 2012). "The trees of life. Should hairdressers be promoting argan oil?". The Observer. Charrouf, Zoubida; Guillaume, Dominique (1999). "Ethnoeconomical, ethnomedical, and phytochemical study of Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 67 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00228-1. PMID 10616955. "Minor oil crops - Individual monographs (Argan-Avocado-Babassu palm)". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2022-05-24. Fortean Times issue 353 May 2017 pages 6 & 7 with photograph "Is your beauty oil made from goat turds? Not anymore". Public Radio International. March 30, 2010. Y. Moussouris; A. Pierce. "Biodiversity links to cultural identity in southwest Morocco: The situation, the problems and proposed solutions". Arid Lands Newsletter No. 48, November/December 2000. "Lancement d'une opération de reboisement de 13 hectares d'arganier à Essaouira". Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2012-07-23. "Réseau des Associations de la Réserve de Biosphère Arganeraie RARBA". Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2012-07-23. "Projet 1: Programme National de Lutte contre la desertification (PAN/LCD) en partenariat avec la coopération technique Allemande (GTZ)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2012-07-23. "L'UCFA". Archived from the original on 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2012-07-23. R. Dochao. "The European Commission Supports Mediterranean Women: Three Tales about Making a Difference" (PDF). "Argan oil helps Moroccan women become breadwinners". BBC News. "La Fondation Mohamed VI pour la recherche et la sauvegarde de l'arganier tient sa première assemblée générale à Essaouira". Archived from the original on 2005-10-29. Z. Charrouf and S. Dubé. "Helping Moroccan Women Preserve the Argan Tree at the Gateway to the Sahara". External links Media related to Argan oil at Wikimedia Commons " Multilingual taxonomic information". University of Melbourne. vte Edible fats and oils Fats Pork fats Fatback LardoSaloSzalonnaLardLardonPork belly BaconPancettaSalt porkTocinoSpeck Beef/mutton fats DrippingSuetTallowTail fat Dairy fats ButterClarified butter GheeNiter kibbehSmen Poultry fats Chicken fatDuck fatSchmaltz Other animal fats Blubber MuktukWhale oil Vegetable fats Borneo tallowCocoa butterMango butterMargarineShea butterVegetable shortening Oils Fish oils Cod liver oilShark liver oil Vegetable oils Major oils Coconut oilCorn oilCottonseed oilOlive oilPalm oil palm kernel oilPeanut oilRapeseed oilSafflower oilSoybean oilSunflower oil Nut oils Almond oilArgan oilCashew oilHazelnut oilMacadamia oilMarula oilMongongo nut oilPecan oilPine nut oilPistachio oilWalnut oil Fruit and seed oils Ambadi seed oilApple seed oilAvocado oilCastor oilGrape seed oilHemp oilLinseed oil (flaxseed oil)Mustard oilOlive oilPerilla oilPoppyseed oilPumpkin seed oilRice bran oilSesame oilTea seed oilWatermelon seed oil See alsoList of vegetable oilsCooking oilEssential oil Authority control: National libraries Edit this at Wikidata France (data)Germany Categories: Cooking oilsCosmetics chemicalsNut oilsArganiaArticle Talk Read Edit View history From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Argan) "Argan" redirects here. For other uses, see Argan (disambiguation). For the genus of moths, see Argania (moth). Argania Argan Tree near Tafraoute.jpg Scientific classificationedit Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Ericales Family: Sapotaceae Subfamily: Sapotoideae Genus: Argania Roem. & Schult.[1] Species: A. spinosa Binomial name Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels Argania spinosa range.png Native range of A. spinosa Synonyms[2] Argania sideroxylon Roem. & Schult. Sideroxylon spinosum L. Argan, practices and know-how concerning the argan tree UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Argan paste making in Morocco.jpg Argan paste making Country Morocco Reference 955 Inscription history Inscription 2014 (14nd session) List Representative Unesco Cultural Heritage logo.svg Argania (Tashelhit: ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ Argan) is a genus of flowering plants containing the sole species Argania spinosa, known as argan, a tree endemic to the calcareous semidesert Sous valley of southwestern Morocco[3] and to the region of Tindouf in southwestern Algeria.[4][5] Argan trees grow to 8–10 m (26–33 ft) high and live up to approximately 200 years. They are thorny, with gnarled trunks and wide spreading crown. The crown has a circumference of about 70 m (230 ft) and the branches lean towards the ground.The leaves are small, 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in) long, and oval with a rounded apex. The flowers are small, with five pale yellow-green petals; flowering in April. The fruit is 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (0.59–1.18 in) broad, with a thick, bitter peel surrounding a sweet-smelling but unpleasantly flavored layer of pulpy pericarp. This surrounds the very hard nut, which contains one (occasionally two or three) small, oil-rich seeds. The fruit takes over a year to mature, ripening in June to July of the following year.Name The scientific name Argania is derived from argan, the name of the tree in Shilha, the Berber language which is spoken by the majority of the people living in the areas where the tree is endemic. Shilha Berber has a rich vocabulary for the various parts of the fruit, its stages of ripeness, and its harvesting and processing. The oil is also called argan. In medieval Arabic pharmacological sources, the tree is known as harjān, a distortion of the Berber word argan.United Nations International Day On March 3, 2021, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to proclaim May 10th the International Day of Argania, an observance to be celebrated annually.[6] Amongst the motivations for this proclamation were the importance of Argania to sustainable development in areas where it is endemic. The UN resolution was submitted by Morocco, and was co-sponsored by 113 member states of the United Nations before being adopted by consensus.[7]CultivationGoats climbing an argan tree in Morocco In Morocco, arganeraie forests now only cover some 8,280 km2 (3,200 sq mi) and are designated as a UNESCO biosphere reserve. Their area has shrunk by about half during the last 100 years, due to charcoal making, grazing, and increasingly intensive cultivation. The best hope for the conservation of the trees may lie in the recent development of a thriving export market for argan oil as a high-value product. However, the wealth brought by argan oil export has also created threats to argan trees in the form of increased goat population. Locals use the newfound wealth to buy more goats and the goats stunt the growth of the argan trees by climbing up and eating their leaves and fruit.[8] It is reported that the display of the tree climbing goats is staged or faked in areas popular with tourists, as the goats only very infrequently climb the trees without human intervention.[9][10]The production of the oil is done by hand Argan is also grown in the Arabah and Negev regions of Israel.[11][12][13]Uses In some parts of Morocco, argan takes the place of the olive as a source of forage, oil, timber, and fuel in Berber society.Especially near Essaouira, the argan tree is frequently climbed by goats.[14]Fruit Argan fruit falls in July, when they are black and dry. Until this happens, goats are kept out of the argan woodlands by wardens. Rights to collect the fruit are controlled by law and village traditions. The "nuts" are gathered after fruit consumption and spat out by ruminating goats. Seeds being spat out by the goats constitutes one mechanism of seed dispersal.[15]Argan oil Main article: Argan oil Argan oil is produced by several women's co-operatives in the southwestern parts of Morocco. The most labor-intensive part of oil-extraction is removal of the soft pulp (used to feed animals) and the cracking by hand, between two stones, of the hard nut. The seeds are then removed and gently roasted. This roasting accounts for part of the oil's distinctive, nutty flavor.[16]Souk selling Argan almonds in Inezgane, Morocco The traditional technique for oil extraction is to grind the roasted seeds to paste, with a little water, in a stone rotary quern. The paste is then squeezed by hand to extract the oil. The extracted paste is still oil-rich and is used as animal feed. Oil produced this way can be stored and used for 3–6 months, and can be produced as needed from kernels, which can keep for 20 years unopened. Dry-pressing is becoming increasingly important for oil produced for sale, as this method allows for faster extraction, and the oil produced can be used for 12–18 months after extraction.[citation needed]The oil contains 80% unsaturated fatty acids, is rich in essential fatty acids, and is more resistant to oxidation than olive oil. Argan oil is used for dipping bread, on couscous and salads, and for other similar uses. A dip for bread known as amlou is made from argan oil, almonds, and peanuts, sometimes sweetened by honey or sugar. The unroasted oil is traditionally used as a treatment for skin diseases, and has become favoured by European cosmetics manufacturers.[17][18][19]Foliage, flowers and immature fruitArgania spinosa Argan oil is sold in Morocco as a luxury item. Sales of the product have grown since being marketed by the cosmetics industry in the US and Europe in the early 21st century. Its price is notable compared to other oils.[20]Argan oil contains:[21]46% Oleic acid 32% Linoleic acid 12% Palmitic acid 6% Stearic acid Animal feed Argan trees are a major source of forage for sheep, goats, camels and cattle. Fruits and leaves are readily consumed by livestock. The press cake resulting from oil extraction can also be sun dried and fed to ruminants. Bees can nest in argan trees, making them sites for wild honey harvesting.[22]References "Genus: Argania Roem. & Schult". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2010-12-10. "Argania spinosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2010-12-10. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Argania_spinosa.PDF, p.2 Kouidri, M.; Saadi, A. K.; Noui, A. (2014). "Physicochemical Study and Composition of Argania spinosa Oil from Two Regions of Algeria". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 50 (2): 346–348. doi:10.1007/s10600-014-0949-1. S2CID 36309638. "Characterization of the argan tree of southwestern Algeria" (PDF). "United Nations Resolution for the International Day of Argania". "UN Food and Agricultural Organization Report". Tim Wall (September 22, 2011). "Tree-Going Goats Threaten Oil Supply_Discovery News". Discovery News. "Iconic 'tree-climbing' goats of Morocco revealed to be a scam". Frary, Mark (2019-05-03). "Iconic and Instagrammable or invented and inhumane? Morocco's tree goats". WTM Insights. Retrieved 2019-06-03. Growing for Change, Ruhama Shattan, Jerusalem Post, Oct. 12, 2001 Growth and oil production of argan in the Negev Desert of Israel, A. Nerd, E. Etesholaa, N. Borowyc and Y. Mizrahi, Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 2, Issue 2, February 1994, pages 89-95 Phenology, breeding system and fruit development of Argan [Argania spinosa, Sapotaceae] cultivated in Israel, Avinoam Nerd, Vered Irijimovich and Yosef Mizrahi, Economic Botany, Volume 52, Number 2 / April, 1998, pp. 161-167. Infos at the-tree.org.uk Archived September 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Delibes, Miguel; el al (2 May 2017). "Tree-climbing goats disperse seeds during rumination" (PDF). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 15 (4): 222–223. doi:10.1002/fee.1488. hdl:10261/158050. Charrouf, Zoubida; Guillaume, Dominique (1999). "Ethnoeconomical, ethnomedical, and phytochemical study of Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 67 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00228-1. PMID 10616955. Khallouki, F; Younos, C; Soulimani, R; Oster, T; Charrouf, Z; Spiegelhalder, B; Bartsch, H; Owen, RW (2003). "Consumption of argan oil (Morocco) with its unique profile of fatty acids, tocopherols, squalene, sterols and phenolic compounds should confer valuable cancer chemopreventive effects". European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 12 (1): 67–75. doi:10.1097/00008469-200302000-00011. PMID 12548113. S2CID 12350686. "Arganolie informative (NL)". Archived from the original on September 7, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2016. Charrouf, Zoubida; Guillaume, Dominique (2008). "Argan oil: Occurrence, composition and impact on human health". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 110 (7): 632. doi:10.1002/ejlt.200700220. Chimi, H; Cillard, J; Cillard, P (1994). "Autoxydation de l'huile d'argan Argania spinosa L. du Maroc" [Autoxidation of argan oil Argania spinoza L. from Morocco]. Sciences des Aliments (in French). 14 (1): 117–24. ISSN 0240-8813. Charrouf, Zoubida; Guillaume, Dominique (2010). "Should the Amazigh Diet (Regular and Moderate Argan-Oil Consumption) have a Beneficial Impact on Human Health?". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 50 (5): 473–7. doi:10.1080/10408390802544520. PMID 20373191. S2CID 41530834. Heuzé V., Tran G., 2015. Argan (Argania spinosa). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. Last updated on October 26, 2015, 16:29This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) T.J. Lybbert (2007). "Patent Disclosure Requirements and Benefit Sharing: A counterfactual case of Morocco's argan oil". Ecological Economics. 64 (1): 12–18. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.06.017. T.J. Lybbert; C.B. Barrett (2004). "Does Resource Commercialization Induce Local Conservation? A Cautionary Tale from Southwestern Morocco" (PDF). Society & Natural Resources. 17 (5): 413–430. doi:10.1080/08941920490430205. hdl:1813/57696. S2CID 18631871. T.J. Lybbert; C.B. Barrett; H. Najisse (2002). "Market-Based Conservation and Local Benefits: The Case of Argan Oil in Morocco". Ecological Economics. 41 (1): 125–144. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00020-4. O. M'Hirit; M. Bensyane; F.Benchekroun; S.M. El Yousfi; M. Bendaanoun (1998). L'arganier: une espèce fruitière-forestière à usages multiples. Pierre Mardaga. ISBN 978-2-87009-684-0. J.F. Morton; G.L. Voss (1987). "The argan tree (Argania sideroxylon, Sapotataceae), a desert source of edible oil". Economic Botany. 41 (2): 221–233. doi:10.1007/BF02858970. S2CID 23198131. Rachida Nouaim (2005). L'arganier au Maroc: entre mythes et réalités. Une civilisation née d'un arbreune espèce fruitière-forestière à usages multiples. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-7475-8453-1. H.D.V. Prendergast; C.C. Walker (1992). "The argan: multipurpose tree of Morocco". Kew Magazine. 9 (2): 76–85. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.1992.tb00072.x. Elaine M. Solowey (2006). Supping at God's table. Thistle Syndicate. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-0-9785565-1-8. Cristiano, Luigi; De Martino, Gianni (2000). "Marocco atlantico. In terra di Argania". Erboristeria Domani. 233: 78–85. External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to Argania spinosa.Wikispecies has information related to Argania spinosa. "Argan Foundation". Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2006. "Arganeraie". Archived from the original on September 21, 2005. Retrieved January 15, 2006. "Trade and Environment Database: argan oil". Archived from the original on 6 February 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2006. "Biodiversity of South Western Morocco (Flora and Plant Communities of Morocco)". Retrieved October 29, 2006. R. Nouaim; G. Mangin; M. C. Breuil; R. Chaussod (2002). "The argan tree in Marocco: Propagation by seeds, cuttings and in-vitro techniques". Agroforestry Systems. 54 (1): 71–81. doi:10.1023/A:1014236025396. S2CID 21621498. Kitty Morse, Ardent for Argan, 2004, Saudi Aramco World Taxon identifiers Argania spinosa Wikidata: Q379746Wikispecies: Argania spinosaAPDB: 91779CoL: GG48EoL: 1153383EPPO: ARJSIGBIF: 5333832GRIN: 3956iNaturalist: 338586IPNI: 785772-1IRMNG: 10695780MoBotPF: 286835NCBI: 85884Open Tree of Life: 406558Plant List: kew-14735Tropicos: 28700869uBio: 5823520WFO: wfo-0000264280 Sideroxylon spinosum Wikidata: Q21877442Wikispecies: Sideroxylon spinosumAPDB: 91584CoL: 6YN2PGBIF: 2886244GRIN: 33918IPNI: 789863-1IRMNG: 10608874IUCN: 161794316NCBI: 2945705POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:789863-1Tropicos: 28700868WFO: wfo-0000310997 Categories: SapotoideaeMonotypic Ericales generaEdible nuts and seedsCrops originating from AfricaForagesDrought-tolerant treesTrees of Mediterranean climateTrees of MoroccoTrees of AlgeriaMasterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of HumanitySapotaceae genera